PPT Slide
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By and large, doctoral programs in the sciences are structured to train primarily future academic professionals.
However, it is fairly well documented that only about a third of all Ph.D.s in science and engineering eventually find permanent employment in academia [3].
Even less frequently do science Ph.D.s find an occupation related to the particular subject of their graduate training, or even in the same discipline, or general area of science.
At the same time, however, average unemployment rate for science and engineering Ph.Ds has been consistently below the national average, to indicate that such graduates can successfully seek employment outside their immediate field of expertise [4].
This is doubtless due to their general aptitude at tackling complex tasks, which is in turn a direct outcome of their training in research. Examples abound; to cite only one, the recent wave of Ph.D. physicists who found employment in the financial industry [5].
Concurrently, the last decade has witnessed profound changes and restructuring of traditional industrial Research and Development (R&D).
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